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Province

Mountain Province

Mountain Province is a province in the Cordillera Administrative Region of Luzon, Philippines. Its population was 149,775 in the 2024 census, and it has 10 municipalities.

  • Population: 2024 Census
  • Places: PSGC 2Q 2026
  • Checked by Scene: October 8, 2026
  • Page updated: October 8, 2026
Stone-walled rice terraces, some flooded, stepping down a green valley below forested mountains, seen between two pine trunks.
The Maligcong Rice Terraces, in Bontoc, seen from Mount Kupapey.Photo: “Maligcong Rice Terraces, Bontoc, Mt. Prov” by Tyrel Fang-asan Faniswa, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons; resized by Scene. Scene's copy is shared under the same licence.

  • PeopleSources

    149,775

    people counted in the 2024 censusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary

    Down 2.9% from 2010 to 2024

  • Rank by peopleSources

    5th

    of the 6 provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region by population, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary

    About 8 of every 100 people in Cordillera Administrative Region lived in Mountain Province in 2024 (8.28%)

  • Inside itSources

    10

    cities and municipalities

    144 barangays

  • LandSources

    2,764.68 km²

    of land, 2019 masterlistLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.Explained by Scene: Mountain Province's land would fill a square about 52.6 km on each side. That is only a way to picture its size: its real shape is on the map.More in the glossary

    Average density, 2024: 54 people per km²Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.Explained by Scene: About 1 person per 2 hectares if everyone were spread evenly across the land. In fact people live closer together in towns and farther apart in the countryside.More in the glossary

  • HomesSources

    40,052

    households in 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary

    3.7 people in each, on average, in 2024

  • Town or countrySources

    8.6%

    About 9 of every 100 people lived in urban barangays in 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary

PSGC codePSGC codeThe code the Philippine Statistics Authority gives every place, so each one is known exactly, even when two share a name.More in the glossary
1404400000[4]Formerly 144400000

People

Mountain Province had 149,775 people in the 2024 census, down 2.9% from 2010.
People at each census since 1960

Counts from 2000 on are on today’s borders; earlier counts are as the place was then, so the line may step where a border moved.

Mountain Province had the 5th most people of the 6 provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region in 2024[1]
  1. 1Benguet473,190
  2. 2Abra246,948
  3. 3Kalinga235,391
  4. 4Ifugao208,668
  5. 5Mountain Province149,775
  6. 6Apayao126,587
All 6 provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region
Of every 100 people in Mountain Province in 2024[1]
Age structure · 2024 Census[5]People living in households, by age and sex
  • About 27 of every 100 are children under 15 (26.7%)
  • About 65 of every 100 are of working age, 15 to 64 (64.9%)
  • About 8 of every 100 are 65 or older (8.4%)
MenWomen

The figures by age

People by age group, men and women
AgePeopleMenWomen
Under 511,2795,9245,355
5 - 913,3136,9116,402
10 - 1415,2917,9847,307
15 - 1915,1007,8237,277
20 - 2413,6357,2746,361
25 - 2911,4156,0625,353
30 - 3411,3475,9745,373
35 - 3910,0025,2534,749
40 - 448,6734,5914,082
45 - 497,5043,9133,591
50 - 546,9763,6093,367
55 - 596,5453,4443,101
60 - 645,7962,9142,882
65 - 694,5872,2432,344
70 - 743,4051,5781,827
75 - 791,9227511,171
80 - 841,348494854
85 and over1,215368847

Every figure, census by census

People, 2024 CensusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary
149,775[1, 2]
Households, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary
40,052[1, 2]
People in each household, 2024
3.7 on average[1, 2]
Share of Cordillera Administrative Region, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary
8.28%[1]
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary
8.6% (12,932 people)[6]
Men and women, 2024
77,110 men, 72,243 women[5]People living in households
Population at each census, with its source
CensusPopulationGrowth since the census beforeHouseholdsPeople per household
2024as of July 1, 2024149,775[1, 2]−1.30% a year40,0523.7
2020as of May 1, 2020158,200[1]0.49% a year——
2015as of August 1, 2015154,590[1]0.05% a year——
2010as of May 1, 2010154,187[1]———
2007as of August 1, 2007; as it was then148,661[42]0.77% a year——
2000as of May 1, 2000; on today’s borders140,631[43]1.57% a year——
1995as of September 1, 1995; as it was then130,755[42]2.18% a year——
1990as of May 1, 1990; as it was then116,535[42]1.24% a year——
1980as of May 1, 1980; as it was then103,052[42]1.83% a year——
1975as of May 1, 1975; as it was then94,096[42]0.21% a year——
1970as of May 6, 1970; as it was then93,112[42]0.80% a year——
1960as of February 15, 1960; as it was then85,866[42]———

Cities and municipalities

Mountain Province is made up of 10 municipalities, with 144 barangays in all.
Colour byColours the map of Mountain Province by the figure chosen; the key beside it says what each colour means.
AbraBenguetIfugaoIlocos SurIsabelaKalingaBarlig: 4,363 people, 12 per km², −2.24% a yearBauko: 31,470 people, 184 per km², −0.42% a yearBesao: 6,315 people, 35 per km², −2.01% a yearBontoc: 23,466 people, 59 per km², −0.64% a yearNatonin: 8,906 people, 35 per km², −3.51% a yearParacelis: 30,143 people, 49 per km², −0.80% a yearSabangan: 8,556 people, 78 per km², −2.77% a yearSadanga: 7,781 people, 25 per km², −1.89% a yearSagada: 10,702 people, 98 per km², −1.73% a yearTadian: 18,073 people, 72 per km², −1.61% a year

People · 2024 Census

  • Under 20,000
  • 20,000 to 31,000
  • 31,000 to 45,000
  • 45,000 to 76,000
  • 76,000 and over

The same steps colour every map of cities and municipalities in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Density · people per km², 2024

  • Under 140
  • 140 to 250
  • 250 to 390
  • 390 to 750
  • 750 and over

The same steps colour every map of cities and municipalities in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Growth a year · 2020–2024

  • Fell by more than 1% a year
  • Fell, by up to 1% a year
  • Grew, by under 1% a year
  • Grew by 1 to 2% a year
  • Grew by 2% a year or more

Each place's yearly change between the 2020 and 2024 censuses, on the same steps as every map in the Atlas.

Borders from UN OCHA (PSA and NAMRIA), a guide and not the legal boundary[3]Open in OpenStreetMap
Cities and municipalities of Mountain Province. Each column heading sorts the table.
[1, 7]Share (2024)
Barlig4,3632.91%−2.24% a year360.23 km²
Bauko31,47021.01%−0.42% a year170.63 km²
Besao6,3154.22%−2.01% a year181.74 km²
Bontoc23,46615.67%−0.64% a year396.12 km²
Natonin8,9065.95%−3.51% a year254.71 km²
Paracelis30,14320.13%−0.80% a year616.29 km²
Sabangan8,5565.71%−2.77% a year109.01 km²
Sadanga7,7815.2%−1.89% a year313.48 km²
Sagada10,7027.15%−1.73% a year109.71 km²
Tadian18,07312.07%−1.61% a year252.76 km²

Land & Environment

Mountain Province covers 2,764.68 km² of land, 54 people for every km² in 2024. Its land rises to 2,692 m above the sea and it lies inland.
Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary
2,764.68 km²[7]As listed in the 2019 Masterlist of Land Areas (LMB, DENR)
Average density, 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary
54 people per km²[7]
Coordinates
17.11498° N, 120.99241° E[3]The point inside its border farthest from every edge, so it always falls within the place.
Height above the sea[39]
Lowest
61 m
Average
1,091 m
Highest
2,692 m

Heights from the Copernicus DEM, a 30 m model of the surface: it reads the tops of trees and roofs, not the bare ground, over the land inside the border, the sea left out. Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved.

Water, coast and peaks

No coastline: it lies inland.

Rivers[40]

  1. Chico River74.8 of 252.3 km
  2. Kadaclan-Siffu River62.8 of 69.3 km
  3. Mallig River38.3 of 140.5 km
  4. Tanudan River31.5 of 69.9 km
  5. Talubin River22.1 of 39.6 km
  6. Abit River19.2 of 22.7 km
  7. Amulsong River14.3 km
  8. Balitian Creek13.3 km

The longest inside it: 14 in all.

Peaks[40]

  1. Mount Amuyao2,702 m
  2. Mount Camingingel2,364 m
  3. Mount Sipitan2,100 m
  4. Mount Lamagan2,094 m
  5. Mount Puguis2,060 m
  6. Mount Danac2,048 m

The highest: 23 in all.

Named rivers, lakes and peaks as OpenStreetMap mapped them on 30 September 2026, and the coast within 150 m of the border. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Climate

Climate typeClimate typePAGASA sorts the country's climate into four types by when the rain falls. Type I has a dry season from November to April and a wet one for the rest of the year; Type II has no dry season, with the most rain from December to February; Type III has a short dry season; Type IV has rain spread through the year.More in the glossary

Type III[41]

No clear rainiest time of year, and a short dry season of one to three months, in December to February or in March to May.

Covers about 55 of every 100 parts of its land. Read by Scene off PAGASA's climate map, so approximate: the type that covers most of the place's land.

Life & Economy

Mountain Province's economy made ₱21.7 billion of goods and services in 2025, ₱134,882 for each person. About 17 of every 100 people lived below the poverty line in 2023.
Economy, 2025Gross domestic productThe value of all the goods and services made in a place in a year: the size of its economy. The PSA measures it for every region, province and highly urbanized city. Counted at 2018 prices, it leaves out the rise in prices, so one year can be set beside another.More in the glossary
₱21.7 billion[26]Its gross domestic product at current prices; ₱17.2 billion at 2018 prices.
Growth, 2024–2025
4.6%[27]How much more it made than the year before, at 2018 prices.
For each person, 2025
₱134,882[28]Its economy divided by its projected population, at current prices, as the PSA works it out.
Poverty, 2023Poverty incidenceHow many of every 100 people live in families whose income is below the poverty line: what a person needs in a year for food and other basic needs, as the PSA sets it for each province. It is an estimate, from a survey or, for a town, a statistical model, so the PSA gives a range it is likely to fall in.More in the glossary
16.8% of people[29]Below the poverty line, by the PSA's survey.
Income classIncome classThe Department of Finance sorts provinces, cities and municipalities into classes by their average yearly income over recent years: 1st class has the most. It measures the local government's income, not how well off its people are.More in the glossary
2nd class[4]
About 17 of every 100 people in Mountain Province lived below the poverty line in 2023 (16.8%)[29]

The PSA's survey puts it between 13.0% and 20.6%, with 95% confidence. The poverty line was ₱36,120 a person for the year.

The PSA notes: Those with CVs higher than 10% in 2023 poverty incidence among population should be used with caution.

Public places

  • 73government offices
  • 11hospitals and health centres
  • 271schools
  • 23places of worship
  • 4markets
  • 14stations and terminals
  • 5parks
  • 5monuments and memorials

Counted from OpenStreetMap[3, 8]. Each town's page lists its own; this page lists the stations, parks, beaches and monuments.

Where a kind has more than 8, this page shows 6: first those with “Mountain Province” in their name, then one in each of its most populous cities and municipalities.

Stations and terminals13

7 more stations and terminals are listed on the pages of the cities and municipalities they stand in. See the 10 cities and municipalities of Mountain Province

Parks5

Monuments and memorials5

As OpenStreetMap maps them on September 30, 2026. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Government & Leaders

A governor leads Mountain Province. Its local laws, called ordinances, are passed by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (the provincial board), led by the vice governor. The governor, the vice governor and the board's elected members serve three-year terms, and none may serve more than three in a row.[23, 24]

Capital
Bontoc[4]
Legislative districtLegislative districtThe area that elects one member of the House of Representatives. A big province or city may have several.More in the glossary
Lone district of Mountain Province[25]

Leaders

The governor and vice governor elected at each election since 2001, as COMELEC's lists of the elected name them, and those in office now, as the DILG's directory lists them.

  1. 2025–2028In office as of February 2026

    Governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[30]
    Vice governor
    Jose Oyaoy Dominguez[30]

  2. 2022–2025

    Governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[31]
    Vice governor
    Francis Omaweng Tauli[31]

  3. 2019–2022

    Governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[32]
    Vice governor
    Francis Omaweng Tauli[32]

  4. 2016–2019

    Governor
    Leonard Gabas Mayaen[33]
    Vice governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[33]

  5. 2013–2016

    Governor
    Leonard Gabas Mayaen[34]
    Vice governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[34]

  6. 2010–2013

    Governor
    Leonard Gabas Mayaen[35]
    Vice governor
    Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[35]

  7. 2007–2010

    Governor
    Maximo Badecao Dalog[36]
    Vice governor
    Louis Funa-ay Claver Jr.[36]

  8. 2004–2007

    Governor
    Maximo Badecao Dalog[37]
    Vice governor
    Benjamin Marrero Dominguez[37]

  9. 2001–2004

    Governor
    Sario M. Malinias[38]
    Vice governor
    Anthony D. Wooden[38]
Governors and vice governors of Mountain Province, by term
TermGovernorVice governor
2025–2028In office as of February 2026Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[30]Jose Oyaoy Dominguez[30]
2022–2025Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[31]Francis Omaweng Tauli[31]
2019–2022Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[32]Francis Omaweng Tauli[32]
2016–2019Leonard Gabas Mayaen[33]Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[33]
2013–2016Leonard Gabas Mayaen[34]Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[34]
2010–2013Leonard Gabas Mayaen[35]Bonifacio Calde Lacwasan Jr.[35]
2007–2010Maximo Badecao Dalog[36]Louis Funa-ay Claver Jr.[36]
2004–2007Maximo Badecao Dalog[37]Benjamin Marrero Dominguez[37]
2001–2004Sario M. Malinias[38]Anthony D. Wooden[38]

History & Identity

Mountain Province's fiesta and days

  • Lang-ay FestivalFestival · Mountain Province founding anniversary · Every 7 April · next Wednesday, 7 April 2027

Everything listed for Mountain Province in Now

Created
Created by Republic Act No. 4695, approved and in effect 18 June 1966, which divided the old Mountain Province into four and kept the name for the former sub-province of Bontoc[9, 10]

How it got its name

The name goes back to the Mountain Province that Act No. 1876 created in 1908 for the whole Cordillera. When Republic Act No. 4695 divided it in 1966, the old sub-province of Bontoc kept the name.[9, 10, 11]

Spanish administrators called the region La Montañosa, the mountainous, for its terrain.[12]

Its story

Under Spain, Bontoc was a comandancia, a district ruled by a commandant. The warriors of Lias, in today's Barlig, destroyed a Spanish force led by the commandant of Bontoc, then beat a larger one and its allies in a three-day battle on the Kussad River in 1880.[13, 14]

Retreating from the Americans, President Emilio Aguinaldo and his army passed through Sagada on 3 December 1899 and through Bontoc that month. On 24 December, with American troops already in the town of Bontoc, they climbed Mount Polis and left for Banaue.[15, 16]

Sources differIn 1902 the Philippine Commission joined the comandancias of Lepanto, Bontoc and Amburayan into the Province of Lepanto-Bontoc. Act No. 1876 of 1908 established the Mountain Province, seven sub-provinces spanning the Cordillera with Bontoc as capital, though the province's own history says it became a province in 1907. Later, with Amburayan and Lepanto merged into others, five sub-provinces remained, known together as BIBAK.[10, 11, 17, 18]

In the Second World War the warriors of Lias cut down half of a Japanese force in a three-day battle on Angwood hill in 1942. Guerrillas fought the retreating Japanese until they surrendered to the 11th Infantry, USAFIP-NL, at Banaue and Bontoc in 1945.[14]

After decades of petitions, Republic Act No. 4695 of 18 June 1966 divided the Mountain Province into Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga-Apayao and a new Mountain Province made of the sub-province of Bontoc, with Bontoc as its capital. The new province began to work on 7 April 1967, with Alfredo G. Lamen as governor.[9, 10]

Sources differThe province keeps 7 April as its Foundation Day, made a yearly special day by Proclamation No. 144 of 1993 and kept still in 2026, but its anniversaries are counted two ways: the province counts from 1967, its 38th falling in 2005, while the proclamation called 1993's the silver, or 25th.[10, 19, 20, 21]

Timeline

  1. 1880

    The warriors of Lias defeat Spanish forces on the Kussad River.[14]

  2. 3 December 1899

    Emilio Aguinaldo and his army pass through Sagada.[15]

  3. 24 December 1899

    With American troops already in the town of Bontoc, Aguinaldo leaves for Banaue.[16]

  4. 28 May 1902

    Act No. 410 joins Lepanto, Bontoc and Amburayan into the Province of Lepanto-Bontoc.[17]

  5. 18 August 1908

    Act No. 1876 creates the Mountain Province, with Bontoc as its capital.[11]

  6. 4 February 1920

    Act No. 2877 redraws its western boundary, and eastern Lepanto joins Bontoc.[18]

  7. 1942

    The warriors of Lias fight a Japanese force on Angwood hill.[14]

  8. 1945

    The Japanese surrender to the 11th Infantry, USAFIP-NL, at Banaue and Bontoc.[14]

  9. 18 June 1966

    Republic Act No. 4695 divides the Mountain Province; the sub-province of Bontoc becomes the new Mountain Province.[9]

  10. 7 April 1967

    The new province begins to work, with Alfredo G. Lamen as governor.[10]

  11. 15 July 1987

    Executive Order No. 220 places the province in the new Cordillera Administrative Region.[22]

  12. 26 February 1993

    Proclamation No. 144 declares 7 April the province's Foundation Day.[20]

Nearby

Mountain Province shares a border with 6 places.

How it compares

Mountain Province beside Cordillera Administrative Region, and where it stands among the provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region.

Mountain Province beside Cordillera Administrative Region
FigureMountain ProvinceCordillera Administrative RegionRank among the provinces of Cordillera Administrative Region
People, 2024CensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary149,775[1, 2]1,808,9855th of 6
Growth a year, 2020–2024Growth a yearHow fast the number of people changed each year between two censuses. 1% a year means about 1 more person for every 100 people, each year.More in the glossary−1.30% a year[1, 2]slower0.15% a year6th of 6
People per km², 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary54[7]less crowded865th of 6
Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary2,764.68 km²[7]21,116.05 km²5th of 6
People in each household, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary3.7[1, 2]lower3.8not ranked
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary8.6%[6]lower35.1%not ranked

Sources

Page updated October 8, 2026. Sources checked by Scene October 8, 2026.
  1. 1.Philippine Statistics Authority. Population and Annual Population Growth Rate of the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities Based on the 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2024 Population Census (OpenSTAT table 0211A6DAPG0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  2. 2.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population, Household Population, and Number of Households by Province, City, Municipality, and Barangay as of 01 July 2024: Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) (OpenSTAT table 0151A6DTHP4). Published August 3, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  3. 3.UN OCHA, from the PSA and NAMRIA. Philippines: Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB), barangay layer. Published February 13, 2025. Read by Scene September 25, 2026. CC BY-IGO 3.0. Open the source
  4. 4.Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), 2nd Quarter 2026: Publication Datafile. Published June 30, 2026. Read by Scene September 24, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  5. 5.Philippine Statistics Authority. Household Population by Age-Group Region, Province, and Highly Urbanized City: Philippines, 2024 Census of Population (OpenSTAT table 0201A6DPAG0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  6. 6.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population and Urban Population by Urban Classification and Region, Province, Highly Urbanized City, City/Municipality and Barangay: Philippines, 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0231A6DPUP0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  7. 7.Philippine Statistics Authority, from the Land Management Bureau (DENR). Population, Land Area, Population Density, and Percent Change in Population Density by Region, Province/Highly Urbanized City, and City/Municipality: 2015, 2020, and 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0221A6DLPD0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  8. 8.OpenStreetMap contributors. Named public places in OpenStreetMap: schools, hospitals and health centres, places of worship, government offices, markets, stations, parks, beaches and monuments, from Geofabrik's extract of the Philippines. Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
  9. 9.Congress of the Philippines. Republic Act No. 4695: An Act Creating the Provinces of Benguet, Mountain Province, Ifugao and Kalinga-Apayao. Published June 18, 1966. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  10. 10.Provincial Government of Mountain Province. History. Published January 18, 2019. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  11. 11.Philippine Commission. Act No. 1876: An Act Providing for the Establishment of a Province to Be Known as the Mountain Province, for the Establishment of a Prison at Bontoc for Non-Christian Criminals, Changing the Boundaries of the Province of Nueva VIzcaya, Amending Act Numbered Eight Hundred and Sixty-Seven, as Amended, by Changing the Boundaries of the Mountain Judicial District and the Times and Places of Holding Courts of First Instance in the Said District, Providing for Participation by the Mountain Province in the Distribution of Internal-Revenue Collections, and Repealing All Acts or Parts of Acts Inconsistent with this Act. Published August 18, 1908. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  12. 12.Provincial Government of Mountain Province. Facts and Figures. Published January 18, 2019. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  13. 13.United States Bureau of Insular Affairs, War Department (Government Printing Office, Washington). A Pronouncing Gazetteer and Geographical Dictionary of the Philippine Islands. Published 1902. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain (a United States government work, published 1902), read in the Internet Archive's scan and its text. Open the source
  14. 14.National Historical Institute. Historical Markers: Regions I-IV and CAR. Published 1993. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  15. 15.National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Sagada – Landas ng Pagkabansang Pilipino, 1899 (historical marker of 4 May 2025, in the NHCP's registry of historical sites). Published February 19, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  16. 16.National Historical Commission of the Philippines. Bontoc – Landas ng Pagkabansang Pilipino, 1899: Ambayuan (Bayyo) (historical marker of 6 May 2025, in the NHCP's registry of historical sites). Published February 19, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  17. 17.United States Philippine Commission. Act No. 410: An Act Providing for the Organization of a Provincial Government in the Territory Comprised in the Comandancias of Lepanto, Bontoc, and Amburayan, and the Territory Lying Between Abra, Cagayan, and Bontoc Not Included Within the Limits of Any Province, and Providing for Justices of the Peace in This Territory and in the Province of Nueva Vizcaya. Published May 28, 1902. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  18. 18.Philippine Legislature. Act No. 2877: An Act to Modify and Establish the Boundary Line Between the Mountain Province and the Provinces of Ilocos Sur and La Union. Published February 4, 1920. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  19. 19.Provincial Government of Mountain Province. Lang-ay Festival 2015 launched. Published November 2, 2014. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  20. 20.Office of the President of the Philippines. Proclamation No. 144, s. 1993: Declaring April 7, 1993 and Every Year Thereafter as the Foundation Day of Mountain Province. Published February 26, 1993. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  21. 21.Office of the President of the Philippines. Proclamation No. 1203, s. 2026: Declaring Tuesday, 07 April 2026, a Special (Non-Working) Day in Mountain Province. Published March 26, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  22. 22.Office of the President of the Philippines (Corazon C. Aquino). Executive Order No. 220: Creating a Cordillera Administrative Region, Appropriating Funds Therefor and for Other Purposes. Published July 15, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  23. 23.Congress of the Philippines. Republic Act No. 7160: the Local Government Code of 1991. Published October 10, 1991. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  24. 24.1986 Constitutional Commission. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  25. 25.1986 Constitutional Commission (text from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library). Ordinance appended to the 1987 Constitution, apportioning the seats of the House of Representatives. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
  26. 26.Philippine Statistics Authority. Gross Domestic Product by Province and HUC (OpenSTAT table 0012A5FPPA0). Published August 28, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  27. 27.Philippine Statistics Authority. Gross Domestic Product by Province and HUC, Growth Rates (OpenSTAT table 0032A5FPPA2). Published August 28, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  28. 28.Philippine Statistics Authority. Per Capita Gross Domestic Product by Province and HUC (OpenSTAT table 0092A5FPPA8). Published August 28, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  29. 29.Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Table 2a. Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold and Poverty Incidence Among Population with Measures of Precision, by Region, Province and Highly Urbanized Cities: 2018, 2021, and 2023 (OpenSTAT table 0041F3DF02A). Published August 15, 2024. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  30. 30.Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Directory of LGU Elective Officials for Term 2025-2028 as of February 2026 (its sheet: Consolidated List of Officials for Election Terms (2025-2028)), released through the FOI portal. Published February 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: RA 8293, Section 176 (no copyright subsists in it; exploiting it for profit needs the agency's prior approval). Open the source
  31. 31.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 9, 2022 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  32. 32.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 13, 2019 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  33. 33.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 9, 2016 National and Local Elections. Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  34. 34.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 13, 2013 National and Local Elections. Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  35. 35.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 10, 2010 National and Local Elections. Published January 10, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  36. 36.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 14, 2007 National and Local Elections. Published January 14, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  37. 37.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 10, 2004 National and Local Elections. Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  38. 38.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected Provincial Candidates, May 14, 2001 National and Local Elections (its pages are headed "LIST OF ELECTED MEMBER, HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES"). Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
  39. 39.European Union and the European Space Agency (Copernicus), from DLR and Airbus Defence and Space (WorldDEM). Copernicus DEM GLO-30: global digital surface model at 30 m, one-degree tiles (2021 release). Published 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Copernicus DEM GLO-30 licence: free, any use including commercial, with the Copernicus notice. Open the source
  40. 40.OpenStreetMap contributors, extract by Geofabrik. Named rivers, lakes, reservoirs, peaks and the coastline of the Philippines in OpenStreetMap (Geofabrik extract, cut by osmium). Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
  41. 41.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climate Map of the Philippines (1951-2010), Modified Coronas Climate Classification. Published August 2014. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: no copyright (RA 8293 s.176.1); PAGASA's approval is needed to use it for profit. Open the source
  42. 42.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2015 Census of Population, Statistical Tables, Table 1: Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by City/Municipality, 1960-2015 (one workbook for each province, highly urbanized city and region). Published 2017. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
  43. 43.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2020 Census of Population and Housing: Table A (Population and Annual Growth Rate for the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities) and Table B (Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City and Municipality, by Region). Published July 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source

Scene adds what the sources do not print themselves: growth rates, shares, barangay areas and densities, coordinates, neighbours and distances, each computed from the figures and borders above. How each is made.

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Cite this page

Scene.ph. “Mountain Province.” Scene Atlas. Updated October 8, 2026. https://scene.ph/atlas/mountain-province