Municipality

Maria Aurora

Maria Aurora is a municipality in Aurora, Central Luzon, Philippines. Its population was 45,972 in the 2024 census, and it has 40 barangays.

Population: 2024 Census
Places: PSGC 2Q 2026
Checked by Scene: October 8, 2026
Page updated: October 9, 2026

PlacesPeopleDensityGrowth

People · 2024 Census

Under 690
690 to 1,100
1,100 to 1,800
1,800 to 3,100
3,100 and over

The same steps colour every map of barangays in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Density · people per km², 2024

Under 160
160 to 340
340 to 700
700 to 2,600
2,600 and over

The same steps colour every map of barangays in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Growth a year · 2020–2024

Fell by more than 1% a year
Fell, by up to 1% a year
Grew, by under 1% a year
Grew by 1 to 2% a year
Grew by 2% a year or more

Each place's yearly change between the 2020 and 2024 censuses, on the same steps as every map in the Atlas.

Borders from UN OCHA (PSA and NAMRIA), a guide and not the legal boundary^[3]Open in OpenStreetMap

PeopleSources
45,972
people counted in the 2024 censusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary
Up 20.6% from 2010 to 2024
Rank by peopleSources
1st
of the 8 cities and municipalities of Aurora by population, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary
About 19 of every 100 people in Aurora lived in Maria Aurora in 2024 (19.09%)
Inside itSources
40
barangays
LandSources
409.73 km²
of land, 2019 masterlistLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.Explained by Scene: Maria Aurora's land would fill a square about 20.2 km on each side. That is only a way to picture its size: its real shape is on the map.More in the glossary
Average density, 2024: 112 people per km²Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.Explained by Scene: About 1 person per hectare if everyone were spread evenly across the land. In fact people live closer together in towns and farther apart in the countryside.More in the glossary
HomesSources
11,963
households in 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary
3.8 people in each, on average, in 2024
Town or countrySources
7.7%
About 8 of every 100 people lived in urban barangays in 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary

PSGC codePSGC codeThe code the Philippine Statistics Authority gives every place, so each one is known exactly, even when two share a name.More in the glossary: 0307707000^[4]Formerly 037707000
ZIP code: 3202^{[17, 18, 19]}

People

Maria Aurora had 45,972 people in the 2024 census, up 20.6% from 2010.

People at each census since 1960

Counts from 2000 on are on today’s borders; earlier counts are as the place was then, so the line may step where a border moved.

Maria Aurora had the most people of the 8 cities and municipalities of Aurora in 2024^[1]

1Maria Aurora45,972
2Baler44,684
3Dipaculao33,597
4San Luis30,342
5Dingalan29,286
6Casiguran26,855
7Dilasag17,536
8Dinalungan12,552

All 8 cities and municipalities of Aurora

In 2024, the 10 barangays with the most people held about 42 of every 100 of its people^[2]

Barangay II2,4725 in 100
San Joaquin2,2555 in 100
Florida2,2425 in 100
Barangay IV2,1715 in 100
Quirino1,9534 in 100
San Jose1,7834 in 100
Wenceslao1,7244 in 100
Diaat1,7034 in 100
Cadayacan1,5893 in 100
Bazal1,5733 in 100

See all 40 barangays of Maria Aurora

Age structure · 2020 Census^[38]People living in households, by age and sex

About 31 of every 100 are children under 15 (31.3%)
About 63 of every 100 are of working age, 15 to 64 (62.8%)
About 6 of every 100 are 65 or older (5.9%)

MenWomen

The figures by age

People by age group, men and women
Age	People	Men	Women
0 - 4	4,583	2,370	2,213
5 - 9	4,628	2,403	2,225
10 - 14	4,833	2,480	2,353
15 - 19	4,318	2,165	2,153
20 - 24	3,796	1,980	1,816
25 - 29	3,458	1,712	1,746
30 - 34	3,290	1,704	1,586
35 - 39	2,756	1,422	1,334
40 - 44	2,574	1,345	1,229
45 - 49	2,461	1,280	1,181
50 - 54	2,178	1,116	1,062
55 - 59	1,876	986	890
60 - 64	1,495	736	759
65 - 69	1,083	487	596
70 - 74	713	308	405
75 - 79	422	163	259
80 years and over	435	147	288

Every figure, census by census

People, 2024 CensusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary: 45,972^{[1, 2]}
Households, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary: 11,963^{[1, 2]}
People in each household, 2024: 3.8 on average^{[1, 2]}
Share of Aurora, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary: 19.09%^[1]
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary: 7.7% (3,525 people)^[5]
Men and women, 2020: 22,804 men, 22,095 women^[38]People living in households

Population at each census, with its source
Census	Population	Growth since the census before	Households	People per household
2024as of July 1, 2024	45,972^{[1, 2]}	0.54% a year	11,963	3.8
2020as of May 1, 2020	44,958^[1]	2.10% a year	—	—
2015as of August 1, 2015	40,734^[1]	1.27% a year	—	—
2010as of May 1, 2010	38,128^[1]	—	—	—
2007as of August 1, 2007; as it was then	35,289^[36]	0.70% a year	—	—
2000as of May 1, 2000; on today’s borders	33,551^{[36, 37]}	1.85% a year	—	—
1995as of September 1, 1995; as it was then	30,796^[36]	1.54% a year	—	—
1990as of May 1, 1990; as it was then	28,378^[36]	0.57% a year	—	—
1980as of May 1, 1980; as it was then	26,822^[36]	2.89% a year	—	—
1975as of May 1, 1975; as it was then	23,252^[36]	5.04% a year	—	—
1970as of May 6, 1970; as it was then	18,193^[36]	5.84% a year	—	—
1960as of February 15, 1960; as it was then	10,182^[36]	—	—	—

Barangays

Maria Aurora is made up of 40 barangays.

Barangays of Maria Aurora. Each column heading sorts the table.
	^{[2, 3, 5, 6, 7]}	Share (2024)			Urban or rural
Alcala	668	1.45%	2.08% a year	about 1.05 km²	Rural
Bagtu	770	1.67%	−2.32% a year	about 2.77 km²	Rural
Bangco	840	1.83%	2.24% a year	about 2.93 km²	Rural
Bannawag	661	1.44%	2.23% a year	about 3.44 km²	Rural
Barangay I	1,354	2.95%	0.48% a year	about 0.387 km²	Urban
Barangay II	2,472	5.38%	1.57% a year	about 0.898 km²	Rural
Barangay III	1,105	2.4%	1.19% a year	about 0.833 km²	Rural
Barangay IV	2,171	4.72%	−3.65% a year	about 0.474 km²	Urban
Baubo	738	1.61%	1.87% a year	about 2.07 km²	Rural
Bayanihan	1,437	3.13%	0.32% a year	about 18.43 km²	Rural
Bazal	1,573	3.42%	0.54% a year	about 22.25 km²	Rural
Cabituculan East	685	1.49%	0.21% a year	about 1.04 km²	Rural
Cabituculan West	551	1.2%	−2.18% a year	about 1.18 km²	Rural
Cadayacan	1,589	3.46%	0.90% a year	about 5.27 km²	Rural
Debucao	1,499	3.26%	0.32% a year	about 2.62 km²	Rural
Decoliat	522	1.14%	1.73% a year	about 29.45 km²	Rural
Detailen	1,082	2.35%	2.18% a year	about 1.91 km²	Rural
Diaat	1,703	3.7%	1.88% a year	about 27.54 km²	Rural
Dialatman	241	0.52%	1.23% a year	about 4.49 km²	Rural
Diaman	245	0.53%	−0.67% a year	about 11.02 km²	Rural
Dianawan	1,438	3.13%	1.65% a year	about 32.32 km²	Rural
Dikildit	1,239	2.7%	0.61% a year	about 10.73 km²	Rural
Dimanpudso	1,461	3.18%	0.35% a year	about 0.825 km²	Rural
Diome	802	1.74%	−1.99% a year	about 4.17 km²	Rural
Estonilo	926	2.01%	0.69% a year	about 2.52 km²	Rural
Florida	2,242	4.88%	0.35% a year	about 1.76 km²	Rural
Galintuja	949	2.06%	−0.62% a year	about 27.88 km²	Rural
Malasin	816	1.77%	0.84% a year	about 1.50 km²	Rural
Ponglo	412	0.9%	−1.99% a year	about 31.82 km²	Rural
Quirino	1,953	4.25%	0.50% a year	about 4.01 km²	Rural
Ramada	1,430	3.11%	0.82% a year	about 2.48 km²	Rural
San Joaquin	2,255	4.91%	1.89% a year	about 4.97 km²	Rural
San Jose	1,783	3.88%	0.13% a year	about 1.94 km²	Rural
San Juan	1,234	2.68%	4.00% a year	about 0.825 km²	Rural
San Leonardo	616	1.34%	0.84% a year	about 3.03 km²	Rural
Santa Lucia	617	1.34%	2.09% a year	about 1.05 km²	Rural
Santo Tomas	709	1.54%	−2.14% a year	about 5.98 km²	Rural
Suguit	612	1.33%	0.16% a year	about 12.71 km²	Rural
Villa Aurora	848	1.84%	0.09% a year	about 27.22 km²	Rural
Wenceslao	1,724	3.75%	0.96% a year	about 19.66 km²	Rural

Areas are approximate: each is measured inside the barangay's border on UN OCHA's map, which is a guide, not the legal boundary.

Land & Environment

Maria Aurora covers 409.73 km² of land, 112 people for every km² in 2024. Its land rises to 1,066 m above the sea and it lies inland.

Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary: 409.73 km²^[6]As listed in the 2019 Masterlist of Land Areas (LMB, DENR)
Average density, 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary: 112 people per km²^[6]
Coordinates: 15.77946° N, 121.42587° E^[3]The point inside its border farthest from every edge, so it always falls within the place.

Height above the sea^[32]

Lowest: 8 m
Average: 278 m
Highest: 1,066 m

Heights from the Copernicus DEM, a 30 m model of the surface: it reads the tops of trees and roofs, not the bare ground, over the land inside the border, the sea left out. Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved.

Water, coast and peaks

No coastline: it lies inland.

Rivers^[33]

Maria Aurora Creek18.9 km
Pacugao River18.1 of 20.8 km
Malupa River10.2 of 14.4 km
Bazal River8.4 km
Diteki River3.0 of 8.3 km
Maria Aurora Creek2.9 km
Cabingliwan River2.1 km
Maria Aurora Creek2.1 km

The longest inside it: 16 in all.

Peaks^[33]

Mount Dimanibungheight not mapped

Named rivers, lakes and peaks as OpenStreetMap mapped them on 30 September 2026, and the coast within 150 m of the border. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Climate

Climate typeClimate typePAGASA sorts the country's climate into four types by when the rain falls. Type I has a dry season from November to April and a wet one for the rest of the year; Type II has no dry season, with the most rain from December to February; Type III has a short dry season; Type IV has rain spread through the year.More in the glossary

Type III^[34]

No clear rainiest time of year, and a short dry season of one to three months, in December to February or in March to May.

Covers about 68 of every 100 parts of its land. Read by Scene off PAGASA's climate map, so approximate: the type that covers most of the place's land.

At Baler, the nearest PAGASA station, 22 km away^[35]Averages for 1995 to 2020: 3,357 mm of rain on 167 days a year; 26.7 °C on average

Rain each month Average temperature

The figures by month

Climate at Baler, 1995 to 2020, by month
Month	Rain	Rainy days	Average	High	Low
January	227 mm	13	24.5 °C	27.7 °C	21.3 °C
February	182 mm	11	24.9 °C	28.4 °C	21.4 °C
March	194 mm	13	25.9 °C	29.6 °C	22.3 °C
April	203 mm	13	27.1 °C	30.9 °C	23.4 °C
May	297 mm	14	27.8 °C	31.5 °C	24.2 °C
June	247 mm	14	28.2 °C	31.8 °C	24.6 °C
July	286 mm	16	27.7 °C	31.2 °C	24.2 °C
August	170 mm	13	27.9 °C	31.5 °C	24.4 °C
September	317 mm	15	27.8 °C	31.4 °C	24.1 °C
October	394 mm	16	27.2 °C	30.7 °C	23.7 °C
November	386 mm	14	26.2 °C	29.5 °C	22.9 °C
December	454 mm	15	25.0 °C	28.0 °C	22.0 °C
The year	3,357 mm	167	26.7 °C	30.2 °C	23.2 °C

A station's figures describe the place around it only roughly: inland and in the hills it may be cooler and wetter. The station stands 173 m above the sea.

Life & Economy

About 14 of every 100 people lived below the poverty line in 2021.

Poverty, 2021Poverty incidenceHow many of every 100 people live in families whose income is below the poverty line: what a person needs in a year for food and other basic needs, as the PSA sets it for each province. It is an estimate, from a survey or, for a town, a statistical model, so the PSA gives a range it is likely to fall in.More in the glossary: 13.7% of people^[22]Below the poverty line, by the PSA's estimate for every town.
Income classIncome classThe Department of Finance sorts provinces, cities and municipalities into classes by their average yearly income over recent years: 1st class has the most. It measures the local government's income, not how well off its people are.More in the glossary: 1st class^[4]

About 14 of every 100 people in Maria Aurora lived below the poverty line in 2021 (13.7%)^[22]

The PSA's model for every town puts it between 12.5% and 14.9%, with 90% confidence.

Public places

5government offices
4hospitals and health centres
48schools
3places of worship
1market
2parks

Counted from OpenStreetMap^{[3, 8]}. Schools, places of worship, barangay halls and places known only by a common name, such as a chapel, are listed on each barangay's page.

Government offices2

Hospitals and health centres4

Markets1

Maria Aurora Public Market · Barangay IV

Parks2

As OpenStreetMap maps them on September 30, 2026. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Government & Leaders

A mayor leads Maria Aurora. Its local laws, called ordinances, are passed by the Sangguniang Bayan (the municipal council), led by the vice mayor. The mayor, the vice mayor and the council's elected members serve three-year terms, and none may serve more than three in a row.^{[15, 16]}

Legislative districtLegislative districtThe area that elects one member of the House of Representatives. A big province or city may have several.More in the glossary: Lone district of Aurora^{[20, 21]}

Leaders

The mayor and vice mayor elected at each election since 2001, as COMELEC's lists of the elected name them, and those in office now, as the DILG's directory lists them.

2025–2028In office as of February 2026
Mayor
Ariel Saturno Bitong^[23]
Vice mayor
Enrico Ong Cordova^[23]
2022–2025
Mayor
Ariel Saturno Bitong^[24]
Vice mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[24]
2019–2022
Mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[25]
Vice mayor
Oscar Wenceslao Padua^[25]
2016–2019
Mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[26]
Vice mayor
Oscar Wenceslao Padua^[26]
2013–2016
Mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[27]
Vice mayor
Ariel Saturno Bitong^[27]
2010–2013
Mayor
Ariel Saturno Bitong^[28]
Vice mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[28]
2007–2010
Mayor
Ariel Saturno Bitong^[29]
Vice mayor
Amado Molina Geneta^[29]
2004–2007
Mayor
Ariel Bitong^[30]
Vice mayor
Amado Geneta^[30]
2001–2004
Mayor
Brigido M. Noval^[31]
Vice mayor
Romeo A. Ancheta^[31]

Mayors and vice mayors of Maria Aurora, by term
Term	Mayor	Vice mayor
2025–2028In office as of February 2026	Ariel Saturno Bitong^[23]	Enrico Ong Cordova^[23]
2022–2025	Ariel Saturno Bitong^[24]	Amado Molina Geneta^[24]
2019–2022	Amado Molina Geneta^[25]	Oscar Wenceslao Padua^[25]
2016–2019	Amado Molina Geneta^[26]	Oscar Wenceslao Padua^[26]
2013–2016	Amado Molina Geneta^[27]	Ariel Saturno Bitong^[27]
2010–2013	Ariel Saturno Bitong^[28]	Amado Molina Geneta^[28]
2007–2010	Ariel Saturno Bitong^[29]	Amado Molina Geneta^[29]
2004–2007	Ariel Bitong^[30]	Amado Geneta^[30]
2001–2004	Brigido M. Noval^[31]	Romeo A. Ancheta^[31]

History & Identity

Stories from Central Luzon

Maria Aurora has no Story of its own yet. This one is about Central Luzon, which Maria Aurora is part of.

Film, 0:59
Central Luzon
Central Luzon: capitals on the move
Bacolor, Malolos, San Isidro and Cabanatuan each served as a capital of the Philippines between 1762 and 1899, before the government moved on to Tarlac.
The Map Moved

All Stories

Created: Maria Aurora was organized as an independent municipality out of barrios of Baler by Executive Order No. 246, dated 21 July 1949, with its seat at barrio San Jose.^[9]

How it got its name

The Aurora provincial page says San Jose de Casecnan was the town's former name, replaced to honor Maria Aurora Aragon Quezon.^[11]

Its story

The Baler history page says a Franciscan mission called San Jose de Casecnan was founded in 1753.^[12]

Executive Order No. 246 took fourteen barrios from Baler, San Jose among them, to form the municipality.^[9]

The municipality began to exist once its mayor, vice-mayor and a majority of councilors took office.^[9]

It was one of the four towns of the Subprovince of Aurora in 1951.^[13]

Timeline

1753
Mission of San Jose de Casecnan established.^[12]
21 July 1949
Maria Aurora was organized.^[9]
14 June 1951
Republic Act No. 648, approved 14 June 1951, made the Subprovince of Aurora out of four municipalities, with its seat at Baler.^[13]
21 November 1978
Batas Pambansa Blg. 7, approved 21 November 1978, separated the Sub-province of Aurora from Quezon and made it the Province of Aurora.^[14]

Nearby

Maria Aurora shares a border with 5 places.

How it compares

Maria Aurora beside Aurora, and where it stands among the cities and municipalities of Aurora.

Maria Aurora beside Aurora
Figure	Maria Aurora	Aurora	Rank among the cities and municipalities of Aurora
People, 2024CensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary	45,972^{[1, 2]}	240,824	1st of 8
Growth a year, 2020–2024Growth a yearHow fast the number of people changed each year between two censuses. 1% a year means about 1 more person for every 100 people, each year.More in the glossary	0.54% a year^{[1, 2]}faster	0.51% a year	3rd of 8
People per km², 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary	112^[6]more crowded	62	2nd of 8
Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary	409.73 km²^[6]	3,860.73 km²	6th of 8
People in each household, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary	3.8^{[1, 2]}about the same	3.8	not ranked
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary	7.7%^[5]lower	23.7%	not ranked

Shares a border with^[3]

How far, in a straight line^[3]

Baler, the capital of Aurora: 18.3 km east
Manila: 140.1 km south

In a straight line between the points inside each place farthest from its edges, not by road.

The nearest towns and cities^[3]

DipaculaoAurora16.7 km northeast
Alfonso CastanedaNueva Vizcaya18.2 km northwest
BalerAurora18.3 km east
San LuisAurora19.8 km south
BongabonNueva Ecija21.6 km southwest
PantabanganNueva Ecija25.4 km west

Sources

Page updated October 9, 2026. Sources checked by Scene October 8, 2026.

1.Philippine Statistics Authority. Population and Annual Population Growth Rate of the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities Based on the 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2024 Population Census (OpenSTAT table 0211A6DAPG0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
2.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population, Household Population, and Number of Households by Province, City, Municipality, and Barangay as of 01 July 2024: Central Luzon (OpenSTAT table 0031A6DTPH2). Published August 5, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
3.UN OCHA, from the PSA and NAMRIA. Philippines: Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB), barangay layer. Published February 13, 2025. Read by Scene September 25, 2026. CC BY-IGO 3.0. Open the source
4.Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), 2nd Quarter 2026: Publication Datafile. Published June 30, 2026. Read by Scene September 24, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
5.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population and Urban Population by Urban Classification and Region, Province, Highly Urbanized City, City/Municipality and Barangay: Philippines, 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0231A6DPUP0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
6.Philippine Statistics Authority, from the Land Management Bureau (DENR). Population, Land Area, Population Density, and Percent Change in Population Density by Region, Province/Highly Urbanized City, and City/Municipality: 2015, 2020, and 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0221A6DLPD0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
7.Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), 4th Quarter 2022: Publication Datafile, with the 2015 and 2020 census counts (the PSA's file, as the Internet Archive keeps it). Published December 31, 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
8.OpenStreetMap contributors. Named public places in OpenStreetMap: schools, hospitals and health centres, places of worship, government offices, markets, stations, parks, beaches and monuments, from Geofabrik's extract of the Philippines. Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
9.Official Gazette / Lawphil. Executive Order No. 246, July 21, 1949. Published July 21, 1949. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
10.Municipality of Maria Aurora, Aurora. Official website. Read by Scene October 3, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
11.Provincial Government of Aurora. Maria Aurora Aurora. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
12.Municipality of Baler. History. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
13.Lawphil. Republic Act No. 648, June 14, 1951. Published June 14, 1951. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
14.Lawphil. Batas Pambansa Blg. 7, November 21, 1978. Published November 21, 1978. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
15.Congress of the Philippines. Republic Act No. 7160: the Local Government Code of 1991. Published October 10, 1991. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
16.1986 Constitutional Commission. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
17.Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost). ZIP Code Locator. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1; a government-owned corporation's work is the Government's, Section 171.9). Open the source
18.Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost). ZIP Code Locator, as the Internet Archive captured it on 2022-05-21 (its SHA-1 matches the Archive's index). Published May 21, 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1; a government-owned corporation's work is the Government's, Section 171.9). Open the source
19.Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost). Philippine ZIP Codes (the directory "ZipCode 2019.pdf", made 2019-12-02), as the Internet Archive keeps it (its SHA-1 matches the Archive's index). Published December 2, 2019. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1; a government-owned corporation's work is the Government's, Section 171.9). Open the source
20.1986 Constitutional Commission (text from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library). Ordinance appended to the 1987 Constitution, apportioning the seats of the House of Representatives. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
21.Commission on Elections (COMELEC). 2025 National and Local Elections: results, certificates of canvass of every province, city and municipality. Published May 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
22.Philippine Statistics Authority. Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2018 and 2021 (the PSA's workbook "2018 - 2021 SAE_with PSGC_noHUC.xlsx", sheet "2018-2021_NoHUC", as the Internet Archive keeps it). Published April 2, 2024. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
23.Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Directory of LGU Elective Officials for Term 2025-2028 as of February 2026 (its sheet: Consolidated List of Officials for Election Terms (2025-2028)), released through the FOI portal. Published February 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: RA 8293, Section 176 (no copyright subsists in it; exploiting it for profit needs the agency's prior approval). Open the source
24.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 9, 2022 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
25.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 13, 2019 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
26.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 9, 2016 National and Local Elections (its pages are headed "LIST OF ELECED CITY/MUNICIPAL CANDIDATES"). Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
27.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 13, 2013 National and Local Elections. Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
28.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 10, 2010 National and Local Elections. Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
29.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 14, 2007 National and Local Elections. Published January 14, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
30.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 10, 2004 National and Local Elections (its pages are headed "LIST OF CITY/MUNICIPAL CANDIDATES"). Published January 14, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
31.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 14, 2001 National and Local Elections. Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
32.European Union and the European Space Agency (Copernicus), from DLR and Airbus Defence and Space (WorldDEM). Copernicus DEM GLO-30: global digital surface model at 30 m, one-degree tiles (2021 release). Published 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Copernicus DEM GLO-30 licence: free, any use including commercial, with the Copernicus notice. Open the source
33.OpenStreetMap contributors, extract by Geofabrik. Named rivers, lakes, reservoirs, peaks and the coastline of the Philippines in OpenStreetMap (Geofabrik extract, cut by osmium). Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
34.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climate Map of the Philippines (1951-2010), Modified Coronas Climate Classification. Published August 2014. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: no copyright (RA 8293 s.176.1); PAGASA's approval is needed to use it for profit. Open the source
35.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climatological Normals, 1991-2020, by synoptic station (one PDF each). Published January 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: no copyright (RA 8293 s.176.1); PAGASA's approval is needed to use it for profit. Open the source
36.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2015 Census of Population, Statistical Tables, Table 1: Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by City/Municipality, 1960-2015 (one workbook for each province, highly urbanized city and region). Published 2017. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
37.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2020 Census of Population and Housing: Table A (Population and Annual Growth Rate for the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities) and Table B (Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City and Municipality, by Region). Published July 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
38.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2020 Census of Population and Housing: Household Population by Age Group and Sex, for the Philippines and its regions, provinces, cities and municipalities (revised file, psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/). Published December 2022. Read by Scene October 8, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source

Scene adds what the sources do not print themselves: growth rates, shares, barangay areas and densities, coordinates, neighbours and distances, each computed from the figures and borders above. How each is made.

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Scene.ph. “Maria Aurora, Aurora.” Scene Atlas. Updated October 9, 2026. https://scene.ph/atlas/aurora/maria-aurora