Municipality

Oras

Oras is a municipality in Eastern Samar, Eastern Visayas, Philippines. Its population was 35,997 in the 2024 census, and it has 42 barangays.

Population: 2024 Census
Places: PSGC 2Q 2026
Checked by Scene: October 8, 2026
Page updated: October 9, 2026

PlacesPeopleDensityGrowth

People · 2024 Census

Under 690
690 to 1,100
1,100 to 1,800
1,800 to 3,100
3,100 and over

The same steps colour every map of barangays in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Density · people per km², 2024

Under 160
160 to 340
340 to 700
700 to 2,600
2,600 and over

The same steps colour every map of barangays in the Atlas, so a colour means the same range everywhere.

Growth a year · 2020–2024

Fell by more than 1% a year
Fell, by up to 1% a year
Grew, by under 1% a year
Grew by 1 to 2% a year
Grew by 2% a year or more

Each place's yearly change between the 2020 and 2024 censuses, on the same steps as every map in the Atlas.

Borders from UN OCHA (PSA and NAMRIA), a guide and not the legal boundary^[3]Open in OpenStreetMap

PeopleSources
35,997
people counted in the 2024 censusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary
Up 3.6% from 2010 to 2024
Rank by peopleSources
4th
of the 23 cities and municipalities of Eastern Samar by population, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary
About 8 of every 100 people in Eastern Samar lived in Oras in 2024 (7.62%)
Inside itSources
42
barangays
LandSources
207.83 km²
of land, 2019 masterlistLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.Explained by Scene: Oras's land would fill a square about 14.4 km on each side. That is only a way to picture its size: its real shape is on the map.More in the glossary
Average density, 2024: 173 people per km²Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.Explained by Scene: About 2 people per hectare if everyone were spread evenly across the land. In fact people live closer together in towns and farther apart in the countryside.More in the glossary
HomesSources
8,967
households in 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary
4.0 people in each, on average, in 2024
Town or countrySources
4.3%
About 4 of every 100 people lived in urban barangays in 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary

PSGC codePSGC codeThe code the Philippine Statistics Authority gives every place, so each one is known exactly, even when two share a name.More in the glossary: 0802617000^[4]Formerly 082617000
ZIP code: 6818^{[14, 15]}

People

Oras had 35,997 people in the 2024 census, up 3.6% from 2010.

People at each census since 1960

Counts from 2000 on are on today’s borders; earlier counts are as the place was then, so the line may step where a border moved.

Oras had the 4th most people of the 23 cities and municipalities of Eastern Samar in 2024^[1]

1Borongan City71,431
2Guiuan52,749
3Dolores45,314
4Oras35,997
5Can-Avid21,942
6Salcedo21,335
7Llorente18,909

All 23 cities and municipalities of Eastern Samar

In 2024, the 10 barangays with the most people held about 50 of every 100 of its people^[2]

Paypayon3,2369 in 100
Dao2,9078 in 100
San Eduardo2,4137 in 100
San Roque2,2096 in 100
Tawagan1,5374 in 100
Santa Monica1,4784 in 100
Burak1,2073 in 100
Pangudtan1,0313 in 100
Dalid1,0243 in 100
Cadian1,0143 in 100

See all 42 barangays of Oras

Age structure · 2020 Census^[34]People living in households, by age and sex

About 33 of every 100 are children under 15 (33.4%)
About 60 of every 100 are of working age, 15 to 64 (59.7%)
About 7 of every 100 are 65 or older (6.9%)

MenWomen

The figures by age

People by age group, men and women
Age	People	Men	Women
0 - 4	3,790	1,931	1,859
5 - 9	4,320	2,263	2,057
10 - 14	4,310	2,223	2,087
15 - 19	4,011	2,068	1,943
20 - 24	3,137	1,691	1,446
25 - 29	2,664	1,413	1,251
30 - 34	2,277	1,231	1,046
35 - 39	2,057	1,107	950
40 - 44	2,035	1,083	952
45 - 49	1,824	967	857
50 - 54	1,635	873	762
55 - 59	1,428	724	704
60 - 64	1,141	563	578
65 - 69	917	478	439
70 - 74	644	318	326
75 - 79	505	218	287
80 years and over	500	173	327

Every figure, census by census

People, 2024 CensusCensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary: 35,997^{[1, 2]}
Households, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary: 8,967^{[1, 2]}
People in each household, 2024: 4.0 on average^{[1, 2]}
Share of Eastern Samar, 2024Rank and shareWorked out by Scene from the PSA's counts: where a place stands among the places listed with it, and how many of every 100 of its parent's people live in it.More in the glossary: 7.62%^[1]
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary: 4.3% (1,537 people)^[5]
Men and women, 2020: 19,324 men, 17,871 women^[34]People living in households

Population at each census, with its source
Census	Population	Growth since the census before	Households	People per household
2024as of July 1, 2024	35,997^{[1, 2]}	−0.95% a year	8,967	4.0
2020as of May 1, 2020	37,451^[1]	0.52% a year	—	—
2015as of August 1, 2015	36,540^[1]	0.95% a year	—	—
2010as of May 1, 2010	34,760^[1]	—	—	—
2007as of August 1, 2007; as it was then	31,745^[32]	0.19% a year	—	—
2000as of May 1, 2000; on today’s borders	31,315^{[32, 33]}	−0.15% a year	—	—
1995as of September 1, 1995; as it was then	31,533^[32]	2.96% a year	—	—
1990as of May 1, 1990; as it was then	26,978^[32]	−0.02% a year	—	—
1980as of May 1, 1980; as it was then	27,031^[32]	3.13% a year	—	—
1975as of May 1, 1975; as it was then	23,162^[32]	1.77% a year	—	—
1970as of May 6, 1970; as it was then	21,217^[32]	0.48% a year	—	—
1960as of February 15, 1960; as it was then	20,198^[32]	—	—	—

Barangays

Oras is made up of 42 barangays.

Barangays of Oras. Each column heading sorts the table.
	^{[2, 3, 5, 6, 7]}	Share (2024)			Urban or rural
Agsam	991	2.75%	1.64% a year	about 9.35 km²	Rural
Alang-alang	191	0.53%	−3.01% a year	about 2.25 km²	Rural
Bagacay	302	0.84%	6.09% a year	about 3.55 km²	Rural
Balingasag	596	1.66%	0.86% a year	about 13.16 km²	Rural
Balocawe	1,009	2.8%	−1.51% a year	about 0.247 km²	Rural
Bantayan	893	2.48%	−1.07% a year	about 8.31 km²	Rural
Batang	796	2.21%	−2.56% a year	about 8.10 km²	Rural
Bato	259	0.72%	−1.77% a year	about 8.56 km²	Rural
Binalayan	565	1.57%	2.06% a year	about 5.17 km²	Rural
Buntay	690	1.92%	−1.34% a year	about 4.47 km²	Rural
Burak	1,207	3.35%	1.21% a year	about 2.08 km²	Rural
Butnga	300	0.83%	−2.82% a year	about 0.274 km²	Rural
Cadian	1,014	2.82%	−3.82% a year	about 8.55 km²	Rural
Cagdine	331	0.92%	−0.50% a year	about 3.62 km²	Rural
Cagpile	609	1.69%	−2.88% a year	about 4.00 km²	Rural
Cagtoog	465	1.29%	−2.87% a year	about 6.57 km²	Rural
Camanga	420	1.17%	−2.61% a year	about 0.295 km²	Rural
Dalid	1,024	2.84%	−2.87% a year	about 3.53 km²	Rural
Dao	2,907	8.08%	−2.44% a year	about 8.42 km²	Rural
Factoria	562	1.56%	0.65% a year	about 1.88 km²	Rural
Gamot	324	0.9%	−1.22% a year	about 3.96 km²	Rural
Iwayan	527	1.46%	−2.31% a year	about 7.38 km²	Rural
Japay	331	0.92%	−1.66% a year	about 10.20 km²	Rural
Kalaw	636	1.77%	4.66% a year	about 9.83 km²	Rural
Mabuhay	708	1.97%	2.26% a year	about 6.54 km²	Rural
Malingon	427	1.19%	4.67% a year	about 2.45 km²	Rural
Minap-os	377	1.05%	−4.86% a year	about 5.66 km²	Rural
Nadacpan	387	1.08%	−0.06% a year	about 3.69 km²	Rural
Naga	409	1.14%	−2.00% a year	about 6.07 km²	Rural
Pangudtan	1,031	2.86%	0.47% a year	about 1.38 km²	Rural
Paypayon	3,236	8.99%	−1.05% a year	about 2.22 km²	Rural
Riverside	874	2.43%	−4.50% a year	about 0.0919 km²	Rural
Rizal	495	1.38%	0.19% a year	about 11.26 km²	Rural
Sabang	679	1.89%	−1.23% a year	about 3.88 km²	Rural
San Eduardo	2,413	6.7%	−0.43% a year	about 5.10 km²	Rural
San Roque	2,209	6.14%	−0.30% a year	about 4.16 km²	Rural
Santa Monica	1,478	4.11%	−0.46% a year	about 1.71 km²	Rural
Saugan	611	1.7%	−0.84% a year	about 3.87 km²	Rural
Saurong	773	2.15%	0.60% a year	about 8.69 km²	Rural
Tawagan	1,537	4.27%	−0.39% a year	about 1.67 km²	Urban
Tiguib	692	1.92%	−3.59% a year	about 0.716 km²	Rural
Trinidad	712	1.98%	−0.82% a year	about 35.58 km²	Rural

Areas are approximate: each is measured inside the barangay's border on UN OCHA's map, which is a guide, not the legal boundary.

Land & Environment

Oras covers 207.83 km² of land, 173 people for every km² in 2024. Its land rises to 208 m above the sea and it has 42.5 km of coast.

Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary: 207.83 km²^[6]As listed in the 2019 Masterlist of Land Areas (LMB, DENR)
Average density, 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary: 173 people per km²^[6]
Coordinates: 12.17239° N, 125.37291° E^[3]The point inside its border farthest from every edge, so it always falls within the place.

Height above the sea^[28]

Lowest: 1 m
Average: 45 m
Highest: 208 m

Heights from the Copernicus DEM, a 30 m model of the surface: it reads the tops of trees and roofs, not the bare ground, over the land inside the border, the sea left out. Produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved.

Water, coast and peaks

42.5 km of coastline^[29]

Rivers^[29]

Oras River33.4 of 70.5 km

Named rivers, lakes and peaks as OpenStreetMap mapped them on 30 September 2026, and the coast within 150 m of the border. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Climate

Climate typeClimate typePAGASA sorts the country's climate into four types by when the rain falls. Type I has a dry season from November to April and a wet one for the rest of the year; Type II has no dry season, with the most rain from December to February; Type III has a short dry season; Type IV has rain spread through the year.More in the glossary

Type II^[30]

No dry season. The rain is heaviest from December to February, and no month is truly dry.

Read by Scene off PAGASA's climate map, so approximate: the type that covers most of the place's land.

At Borongan, the nearest PAGASA station, 57 km away^[31]Averages for 1991 to 2020: 4,594 mm of rain on 223 days a year; 27.3 °C on average

Rain each month Average temperature

The figures by month

Climate at Borongan, 1991 to 2020, by month
Month	Rain	Rainy days	Average	High	Low
January	697 mm	25	26.3 °C	29.6 °C	22.9 °C
February	533 mm	20	26.3 °C	29.8 °C	22.8 °C
March	407 mm	19	26.8 °C	30.5 °C	23.0 °C
April	235 mm	17	27.5 °C	31.3 °C	23.6 °C
May	221 mm	16	27.9 °C	31.8 °C	24.0 °C
June	260 mm	17	27.8 °C	31.8 °C	23.9 °C
July	244 mm	16	27.7 °C	31.7 °C	23.6 °C
August	166 mm	12	28.0 °C	32.2 °C	23.7 °C
September	194 mm	14	27.9 °C	31.9 °C	23.9 °C
October	337 mm	18	27.5 °C	31.6 °C	23.5 °C
November	525 mm	23	27.2 °C	30.8 °C	23.6 °C
December	776 mm	26	26.8 °C	30.2 °C	23.3 °C
The year	4,594 mm	223	27.3 °C	31.1 °C	23.5 °C

A station's figures describe the place around it only roughly: inland and in the hills it may be cooler and wetter. The station stands 2 m above the sea.

Life & Economy

About 40 of every 100 people lived below the poverty line in 2021.

Poverty, 2021Poverty incidenceHow many of every 100 people live in families whose income is below the poverty line: what a person needs in a year for food and other basic needs, as the PSA sets it for each province. It is an estimate, from a survey or, for a town, a statistical model, so the PSA gives a range it is likely to fall in.More in the glossary: 39.7% of people^[18]Below the poverty line, by the PSA's estimate for every town.
Income classIncome classThe Department of Finance sorts provinces, cities and municipalities into classes by their average yearly income over recent years: 1st class has the most. It measures the local government's income, not how well off its people are.More in the glossary: 2nd class^[4]

About 40 of every 100 people in Oras lived below the poverty line in 2021 (39.7%)^[18]

The PSA's model for every town puts it between 34.7% and 44.6%, with 90% confidence.

Public places

3hospitals and health centres
43schools
4places of worship
2stations and terminals

Counted from OpenStreetMap^{[3, 8]}. Schools, places of worship, barangay halls and places known only by a common name, such as a chapel, are listed on each barangay's page.

Hospitals and health centres3

Stations and terminals2

As OpenStreetMap maps them on September 30, 2026. Map data © OpenStreetMap contributors, under the Open Database License.

Government & Leaders

A mayor leads Oras. Its local laws, called ordinances, are passed by the Sangguniang Bayan (the municipal council), led by the vice mayor. The mayor, the vice mayor and the council's elected members serve three-year terms, and none may serve more than three in a row.^{[12, 13]}

Legislative districtLegislative districtThe area that elects one member of the House of Representatives. A big province or city may have several.More in the glossary: Lone district of Eastern Samar^{[16, 17]}

Leaders

The mayor and vice mayor elected at each election since 2001, as COMELEC's lists of the elected name them, and those in office now, as the DILG's directory lists them.

2025–2028In office as of February 2026
Mayor
Roy Chu Ador^[19]
Vice mayor
Adolfo Amigo Mugas^[19]
2022–2025
Mayor
Roy Chu Ador^[20]
Vice mayor
Adolfo Amigo Mugas^[20]
2019–2022
Mayor
Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[21]
Vice mayor
Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[21]
2016–2019
Mayor
Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[22]
Vice mayor
Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[22]
2013–2016
Mayor
Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[23]
Vice mayor
Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[23]
2010–2013
Mayor
Neil Maiso Alvarez^[24]
Vice mayor
Aquilino Alcantara Mejica^[24]
2007–2010
Mayor
Neil Maiso Alvarez^[25]
Vice mayor
Delia Villalon Lim^[25]
2004–2007
Mayor
Neil Alvarez^[26]
Vice mayor
Delia Lim^[26]
2001–2004
Mayor
Teodulo M. Coquilla^[27]
Vice mayor
Virgilio L. Montances^[27]

Mayors and vice mayors of Oras, by term
Term	Mayor	Vice mayor
2025–2028In office as of February 2026	Roy Chu Ador^[19]	Adolfo Amigo Mugas^[19]
2022–2025	Roy Chu Ador^[20]	Adolfo Amigo Mugas^[20]
2019–2022	Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[21]	Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[21]
2016–2019	Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[22]	Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[22]
2013–2016	Viviane Pugal Alvarez^[23]	Carlo Alconaba Libanan^[23]
2010–2013	Neil Maiso Alvarez^[24]	Aquilino Alcantara Mejica^[24]
2007–2010	Neil Maiso Alvarez^[25]	Delia Villalon Lim^[25]
2004–2007	Neil Alvarez^[26]	Delia Lim^[26]
2001–2004	Teodulo M. Coquilla^[27]	Virgilio L. Montances^[27]

History & Identity

Stories from Eastern Visayas

Oras has no Story of its own yet. This one is about Eastern Visayas, which Oras is part of.

Film, 0:59
Eastern Visayas
Eastern Visayas: San Lazaro, the first name
On 17 March 1521 Magellan's crew landed on Homonhon and called the islands the archipelago of San Lazaro, the country's first European name. Felipinas came 22 years later.
This Happened Here

All Stories

Its story

In 1948 eight barrios that had belonged to Oras, among them San Policarpo, were made a separate municipality, so Oras lost part of its territory.^[9]

Timeline

1948-06-16
Barrios of Oras were separated to form the municipality of San Policarpo.^[10]
1965-06-19
Oras was listed among the municipalities of the new Province of Eastern Samar when Samar was divided into three provinces.^[11]

Nearby

Oras shares a border with Arteche, Dolores, Maslog and San Policarpo.

How it compares

Oras beside Eastern Samar, and where it stands among the cities and municipalities of Eastern Samar.

Oras beside Eastern Samar
Figure	Oras	Eastern Samar	Rank among the cities and municipalities of Eastern Samar
People, 2024CensusA count of every person in the country, all on one day. The 2024 census counted people as they were on 1 July 2024.More in the glossary	35,997^{[1, 2]}	472,683	4th of 23
Growth a year, 2020–2024Growth a yearHow fast the number of people changed each year between two censuses. 1% a year means about 1 more person for every 100 people, each year.More in the glossary	−0.95% a year^{[1, 2]}slower	−0.23% a year	22nd of 23
People per km², 2024Population densityHow crowded a place is on average: its people divided by its land area. 1,000 people per square kilometre is 10 people per hectare, a square of 100 by 100 metres.More in the glossary	173^[6]more crowded	91	6th of 23
Land areaLand areaThe land inside the place's official boundary. A square kilometre is a square 1 km on each side, about the size of 140 football fields.More in the glossary	207.83 km²^[6]	5,173.75 km²	7th of 23
People in each household, 2024HouseholdA person living alone, or people who sleep in the same home and share their meals. A family may be one household or several.More in the glossary	4.0^{[1, 2]}higher	3.9	not ranked
In urban barangays, 2024Urban barangayThe PSA counts a barangay as urban when it has 5,000 people or more, or a big employer, or several businesses and public services close by. Every barangay in Metro Manila is urban.More in the glossary	4.3%^[5]lower	6.9%	not ranked

Shares a border with^[3]

How far, in a straight line^[3]

Borongan City, the capital of Eastern Samar: 64.8 km south
Manila: 545.1 km northwest

In a straight line between the points inside each place farthest from its edges, not by road.

The nearest towns and cities^[3]

San PolicarpoEastern Samar8.9 km northeast
ArtecheEastern Samar13.1 km northwest
DoloresEastern Samar14.2 km southwest
MaslogEastern Samar20.2 km west
JipapadEastern Samar20.9 km northwest
LapinigNorthern Samar21.0 km northwest

Sources

Page updated October 9, 2026. Sources checked by Scene October 8, 2026.

1.Philippine Statistics Authority. Population and Annual Population Growth Rate of the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces, and Highly Urbanized Cities Based on the 2010, 2015, 2020 and 2024 Population Census (OpenSTAT table 0211A6DAPG0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
2.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population, Household Population, and Number of Households by Province, City, Municipality, and Barangay as of 01 July 2024: Eastern Visayas (OpenSTAT table 0081A6DTPH7). Published August 5, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
3.UN OCHA, from the PSA and NAMRIA. Philippines: Subnational Administrative Boundaries (COD-AB), barangay layer. Published February 13, 2025. Read by Scene September 25, 2026. CC BY-IGO 3.0. Open the source
4.Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), 2nd Quarter 2026: Publication Datafile. Published June 30, 2026. Read by Scene September 24, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
5.Philippine Statistics Authority. Total Population and Urban Population by Urban Classification and Region, Province, Highly Urbanized City, City/Municipality and Barangay: Philippines, 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0231A6DPUP0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
6.Philippine Statistics Authority, from the Land Management Bureau (DENR). Population, Land Area, Population Density, and Percent Change in Population Density by Region, Province/Highly Urbanized City, and City/Municipality: 2015, 2020, and 2024 (OpenSTAT table 0221A6DLPD0). Published August 7, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
7.Philippine Statistics Authority. Philippine Standard Geographic Code (PSGC), 4th Quarter 2022: Publication Datafile, with the 2015 and 2020 census counts (the PSA's file, as the Internet Archive keeps it). Published December 31, 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
8.OpenStreetMap contributors. Named public places in OpenStreetMap: schools, hospitals and health centres, places of worship, government offices, markets, stations, parks, beaches and monuments, from Geofabrik's extract of the Philippines. Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
9.Province of Eastern Samar. San Policarpo (municipality page). Read by Scene October 3, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
10.The Lawphil Project. Republic Act No. 281: An Act Creating the Municipality of San Policarpo in the Province of Samar. Published June 16, 1948. Read by Scene October 3, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
11.The LawPhil Project. Republic Act No. 4221, creating the provinces of Northern Samar, Eastern Samar and Western Samar. Published June 19, 1965. Read by Scene October 3, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
12.Congress of the Philippines. Republic Act No. 7160: the Local Government Code of 1991. Published October 10, 1991. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
13.1986 Constitutional Commission. The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
14.Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost). ZIP Code Locator, as the Internet Archive captured it on 2022-05-21 (its SHA-1 matches the Archive's index). Published May 21, 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1; a government-owned corporation's work is the Government's, Section 171.9). Open the source
15.Philippine Postal Corporation (PHLPost). Philippine ZIP Codes (the directory "ZipCode 2019.pdf", made 2019-12-02), as the Internet Archive keeps it (its SHA-1 matches the Archive's index). Published December 2, 2019. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1; a government-owned corporation's work is the Government's, Section 171.9). Open the source
16.1986 Constitutional Commission (text from the Chan Robles Virtual Law Library). Ordinance appended to the 1987 Constitution, apportioning the seats of the House of Representatives. Published February 2, 1987. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
17.Commission on Elections (COMELEC). 2025 National and Local Elections: results, certificates of canvass of every province, city and municipality. Published May 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Philippine government work, no copyright (Republic Act No. 8293, Section 176.1). Open the source
18.Philippine Statistics Authority. Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2018 and 2021 (the PSA's workbook "2018 - 2021 SAE_with PSGC_noHUC.xlsx", sheet "2018-2021_NoHUC", as the Internet Archive keeps it). Published April 2, 2024. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
19.Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). Directory of LGU Elective Officials for Term 2025-2028 as of February 2026 (its sheet: Consolidated List of Officials for Election Terms (2025-2028)), released through the FOI portal. Published February 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: RA 8293, Section 176 (no copyright subsists in it; exploiting it for profit needs the agency's prior approval). Open the source
20.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 9, 2022 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
21.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 13, 2019 National and Local Elections. Published December 23, 2025. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
22.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 9, 2016 National and Local Elections (its pages are headed "LIST OF ELECED CITY/MUNICIPAL CANDIDATES"). Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
23.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 13, 2013 National and Local Elections. Published January 12, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
24.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 10, 2010 National and Local Elections. Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
25.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 14, 2007 National and Local Elections. Published January 14, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
26.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 10, 2004 National and Local Elections (its pages are headed "LIST OF CITY/MUNICIPAL CANDIDATES"). Published January 14, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
27.Commission on Elections (COMELEC), Records and Statistics Division, ERSD. List of Elected City/Municipal Candidates, May 14, 2001 National and Local Elections. Published January 8, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Public domain: comelec.gov.ph says "All content is in the public domain unless otherwise stated." Each list carries COMELEC's data privacy notice (RA 10173).. Open the source
28.European Union and the European Space Agency (Copernicus), from DLR and Airbus Defence and Space (WorldDEM). Copernicus DEM GLO-30: global digital surface model at 30 m, one-degree tiles (2021 release). Published 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. Copernicus DEM GLO-30 licence: free, any use including commercial, with the Copernicus notice. Open the source
29.OpenStreetMap contributors, extract by Geofabrik. Named rivers, lakes, reservoirs, peaks and the coastline of the Philippines in OpenStreetMap (Geofabrik extract, cut by osmium). Published September 30, 2026. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. ODbL 1.0. Open the source
30.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climate Map of the Philippines (1951-2010), Modified Coronas Climate Classification. Published August 2014. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: no copyright (RA 8293 s.176.1); PAGASA's approval is needed to use it for profit. Open the source
31.Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA), Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climatological Normals, 1991-2020, by synoptic station (one PDF each). Published January 2022. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. A work of the Government of the Philippines: no copyright (RA 8293 s.176.1); PAGASA's approval is needed to use it for profit. Open the source
32.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2015 Census of Population, Statistical Tables, Table 1: Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by City/Municipality, 1960-2015 (one workbook for each province, highly urbanized city and region). Published 2017. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
33.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2020 Census of Population and Housing: Table A (Population and Annual Growth Rate for the Philippines and its Regions, Provinces and Highly Urbanized Cities) and Table B (Population and Annual Growth Rates by Province, City and Municipality, by Region). Published July 2021. Read by Scene October 2, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source
34.Philippine Statistics Authority. 2020 Census of Population and Housing: Household Population by Age Group and Sex, for the Philippines and its regions, provinces, cities and municipalities (revised file, psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/). Published December 2022. Read by Scene October 8, 2026. CC BY (PSA Terms of Use). Open the source

Scene adds what the sources do not print themselves: growth rates, shares, barangay areas and densities, coordinates, neighbours and distances, each computed from the figures and borders above. How each is made.

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Scene.ph. “Oras, Eastern Samar.” Scene Atlas. Updated October 9, 2026. https://scene.ph/atlas/eastern-samar/oras